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José Vasconcelos
José Vasconcelos Calderón (28 February 1882 – 30 June 1959) has been called the "cultural caudillo" of the Mexican Revolution〔Enrique Krauze, ''Redeemers'', chapter 3 is subtitled "José Vasconcelos, the Cultural Caudillo"〕 He was an important Mexican writer, philosopher and politician. He is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in the development of modern Mexico. His philosophy of the "cosmic race" affected all aspects of Mexican sociocultural, political, and economic policies.
==Personal Life, Education, and Career==
José Vasconcelos was born in Oaxaca, Oaxaca on February 28, 1882, the son of a customs official.〔Enrique Krauze, ''Redeemers: Ideas and Power in Latin America'', translated by Hank Heifetz. New York: Harper Collins 2011, p.53.〕 José's mother, who was a pious Catholic, died when José was sixteen. The family moved to the border town of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, where he grew up attending school in Eagle Pass, Texas.〔Krauze, ''Redeemers'', p. 53>〕 He became bilingual in English and Spanish,〔Krauze, ''Redeemers'', p. 53〕 which opened doors to the English-speaking world. The family also lived in Campeche during a period when the northern border area was unstable. His time in living on the Texas border likely contributed to fostering his idea of the Mexican "cosmic race" and rejection of Anglo culture.〔Margarita Vera Cuspinera, "José Vasconcelos" in ''Encyclopedia of Mexico''. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1519.〕
He married Serafina Miranda of Tlaxiaco in the state of Oaxaca in 1906, when he was twenty-four. With her he had children José Ignacio and Carmen. He also had a long-term relationship with Elena Arizmendi Mejia and through life, many other shorter liaisons, including one with Berta Singerman.〔Krauze, ''Redeemers'' 55, 67.〕 When his wife of forty years died in 1942, their daughter Carmen is reported saying "When the coffin was lowered into the ground, Vasconcelos sobbed bitterly. At that moment he must have known and felt who he really had as a wife; perhaps they were tears of belated repentance."〔quoted in Krauze, ''Redeemers'', p. 84.〕 He remarried pianist Esperanza Cruz and they had a child, Héctor.〔Krauze, ''Redeemers'', p. 84.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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